While colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers, primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the colon is one of the rarest. It accounts for less than one percent, and perhaps only one half of one percent of all colon cancer.
Because of the low incidence, and its aggressiveness, surgery, has been the singular approach to treatment until recently. Now 5-fluorouracil with cisplatin or mitomycin, has been used, and in some cases shown to completely eliminate the tumors. The cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the colon is unknown. There is some association with the auto-immune disease ulcerative colitis, parasitic infections and previous pelvic radiation. For more information contact the Colorectal Cancer Alliance or the NIH.
Ocular melanoma is a rare cancer of the eye. The incidence is about 6 per 1,000,000 people in the United States The highest rates of this rare cancer are found in the countries around the Baltic Sea, and the lowest rates in Asia, Africa and South America. The genetic ancestors of people from various regions, reflect this incidence, even when they live in different areas now. People with light colored eyes are more likely than those with dark eyes to develop melanoma of the eye. While the median age for diagnosis is 60, some individuals are diagnosed as children or young adults.
Like so many rare cancers the cause(s) are not completely clear but there is an association with some changes in DNA – SNPS (Single nucleotide polymorphism) in the cells that provide color to the eyes. There are several different types of ocular melanoma. Uveal melanomas, if they metastasize, almost always spread to the liver. About 50% of Uveal melanomas metastasize, and almost always to the liver. Prognosis has been poor. In January of 2022, tebentafusp-tebn, (Kimmtrak) a form of immunotherapy was approved by the FDA, and this has shown improved survival
Conjunctival melanomas are even more rare, accounting for less than one percent of melanomas if the eye. They behave more like melanoma of the skin. If they contain the BRAF mutation, there are more options for treatment.
For more information contact: AIM at Melanoma Foundation, and A Cure in Sight.
Editor’s Note: Get Involved
Cancer doesn’t discriminate. WHATNEXT and its partners are interested in amplifying the voices of those from all identities and backgrounds. If you have a cancer journey to share, reach out here to learn more about how your voice can help spread awareness and inspire individuals from all walks of life.
colorectal cancer Ocular Melanoma Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma rare cancer
Last modified: April 3, 2025
